What was Romes greatest strength as a civilizatio Essays - Culture

What was Rome's greatest strength as a civilization ? Rome had been the longest lasting as well as one of the most successful civilizations in recorded history being the first to create a fully stable government. Rome went through three different cycles of government starting in a monarchy, then going to a republic, and not too long after becoming a monarchy but were gradually diminished by the Germans before they managed to reach the tyrannical stage of government. All in all, Romans had made the greatest technological and militaristic advances compared to other civilizations of the time. Rome's government was the back bone of the civilization, allowing for citizens to have a say in how things were run allowed for the people to be happy but was chaotic at the same time, but this allowed people to get what they want ed creating a better overall environment. Since Rome had a strong government it allowed for them to create an effective army as well , which included the best military leader of the time. The government also allowed for education to strive resulting in the creation of general sc hools so children could learn basic reading and writing, which was meant for citizens who didn't have much money . While those who did have money would pay for private tutors for a higher education. The ability for Rome to have most of its inhabitance to have the ability to read and write was a big plus since it allowed for easy communication between the masses. Rome's government also played a huge part in the ability to create one of the most effective army's in the worlds history as well. The army consisted of extrem ely skilled military commanders. T he army was also loyal to Rome and not the commanders , allowing for them to fight f or their civilization, creating the mentality that they had something to protect and were not just hired hands. Having a great military allowed for the empire to continually expand as well as give the republic more power. Rome's empire had been the longest lasting civilization the world has ever seen lasting for many hundreds of years, everything that the Romans did added to their strength as a nation , meaning that not one thing could have existed without the creation of the others which all came together to form the republic. which is why even today we still look in the history books at how they ran their government, military, schools, ect to learn how we can better ourselves and improve our society since it is a proven fact that history repeats its self over and over again.

The Persian Gulf War Essays - IraqUnited States Relations

The Persian Gulf War Essays - IraqUnited States Relations The Persian Gulf War subject = U.S. History title = The Persian Gulf War The Persian Gulf War-the Feat of the Western Countries On August 2nd, 1990 Iraqi military forces invaded and occupied the small Arab state of Kuwait. The order was given by Iraqi dictatorial president Saddam Hussein. His aim was apparently to take control Kuwaits oil reserves (despite its small size Kuwait is a huge oil producer; it has about 10 per cent of the worlds oil reserves ). Iraq accused Kuwait, and also the United Arab Emirates, of breaking agreements that limit oil production in the Middle East. According to Saddam Hussein, this brought down world oil prices severely and caused financial loss of billions of dollars in Iraqs annual revenue. Saddam Hussein had the nearly hopeless task of justifying the invasion. He plead the fact that Kuwait had been part of the Ottoman province of Basra, a city in the south of Iraq. However, the Ottoman province collapsed after World War I and todays Iraqi borders were not created until then. There was also a further and more obvious blunder in a bid to justify this illegal invasion. Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, had namely recognized Kuwaiti independence in 1963. Furthermore, Hussein claimed that Kuwait had illegally pumped oil from the Iraqi oil field of Rumaila and otherwise conspired to reduce Iraqs essential oil income. By invading Kuwait, Iraq succeeded in surprising the entire world. The USA ended her policy of accommodating Saddam Hussein, which had existed since the Iran-Iraq war. Negative attitude toward Iraq was soon a worldwide phenomenon. The United Nations Security Council passed 12 resolutions condemning the invasion. The ultimate decision was to use military force if Iraq did not withdraw unconditionally by January 15, 1991. Then, when the deadline was set, it was time to start preparing for the worst-the war. President George Bush confronted little difficulty in winning Americans support for the potential war against Iraq. However, the government found it difficult to decide upon and state one overriding reason for going to war. Was it to oppose aggression or was it just to protect global oil supplies? Other powers were more directly concerned as consumers of Persian Gulf oil, but they were not as eager to commit military force, to risk their youth in battle and to pay for the costs of the war. Critics of President Bush continued to maintain that he was taking advantage of the issue of energy supplies in order to manipulate the U. S. public opinion in favor of war. After consulting with U. S. Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney in early August 1990, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia invited American troops onto Saudi soil. He had seen Kuwaits destiny; therefore, he wanted protection. It was also the interest of the USA to stop any further advantage of the Iraqi army. The deployment was called Operation Desert Shield. These troops were armed with light, defensive weaponry. On November 8, 1990 President Bush announced a military buildup to provide an offensive option, Operation Desert Storm, to force Iraq out of Kuwait. The preparation of the operation took two and a half months and it involved a massive air- and sea lift. Finally, in January 1991, the U. S. Congress voted to support Security Council resolution 660. It authorized using all necessary means if Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15. Shrugging off this final warning, Saddam Hussein resolutely maintained the occupation of Kuwait. The United States established a broad-based international coalition to confront Iraq militarily and diplomatically. The military coalition consisted of Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Honduras, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The war also was financed by countries which were unable to send in troops. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait were the main donors. More than $53 billion was pledged and received. Before the war, it appeared obvious that Iraq would have very little chance against the Coalition. The relative strength between the parties was extremely unequal. The most critical difference was that the Coalition had a total of 2600 aircraft, over three times more than Iraqs 800 aircraft. Most Arab observers thought Hussein would not last more than six months. Lieutenant General Khalid bin Sultan, the commander of the Arab coalition forces, gave Iraqs leader only 40 days, and repeated this prediction many times. Iraqs

Benchmarking With Costa Coffee And Caffe Nero Marketing Essay

Benchmarking With Costa Coffee And Caffe Nero Marketing Essay The organisation chosen for the report is Starbucks Corp. and the report would compare it with two similar companies, one being Costa Coffee and the other being Caffà © Nero. The report would highlight the frameworks underpinning the competitive position of Starbucks and also would identify and asses the economic and the competitive position of the firm. A financial model using appropriate ratio analysis would also be presented in a spreadsheet format identifying the industry trends and their impact on the performance of Starbucks vis-à  -vis Costa Coffee and Caffà © Nero. Both quantitative and qualitative data would be made available so as to provide an insight into Starbucks sustainable performance and prospects. Analysis of Starbucks operational, financial, organisational and marketing capabilities would be made available through application of PESTEL analysis, Porter’s 5 forces model, the Ansoff Matrix and the BCG Matrix. The report would also discuss the issues, the p roblems, the opportunities and the options available to Starbucks for future business growth, followed by conclusions to draw together all the variables identified. Recommendations would be provided for the company highlighting the direction it needs to take to ensure business profitability with comments on the suitability, acceptability and the feasibility of the options made available. INTRODUCTION The Starbucks Company was founded in Seattle in 1971 by Gordon Bowker, Jerry Baldwin and Zev Seigel with a vision to educate American consumers about the fine coffee drinking experience. In 1987 Howard Schultz took over the Starbucks Group. Starbucks is the number one in the industry, with more than 12,000 shops in more than 35 countries. Just within a couple of years they grew from a small coffee business house to a multi-million dollar player in the coffee industry by buying the best coffee available and providing the people with an unmatched store experience. Freshly brewed coffee is the main product offered by Starbucks along with other drinks which include cold and hot teas, cakes and pastries. The Starbucks coffee comes in a many varieties each possessing a different taste, aroma and flavour. INDUSTRY TRENDS AND MARKET ANALYSIS The market right now for gourmet coffee business is hot. All the multi-national fast food chains and street-corner shops want in on the boom. Many big companies are focused on the supply of specialty branded coffees and the economic stage is heating up. Specialty coffee industry is one of the fastest growing financial services globally. Growth in the coffee industry is continuously peaking, with many new overseas companies entering the market using policies offering exclusive perks and special discounts, despite the questionable quality of the coffee being used to increase the market share. A notable trend seen is that often a significant increase in sales occurs every time a cafà © starts to use branded consumables. The consensus is that these coffee drinks would be a long-term trend, with focus on elevating the customer’s taste for a product that they are familiar with and then leading them to the coffee stores to buy it. Many companies are also tinkering with expanding the food menus as well including an in-store display of sandwiches, fresh baked goods and many confectionary items.

Creating shared valued Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creating shared valued - Essay Example It is a shame that the responsibility of improving the social, economic problems has fallen on to the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). As companies are sole concentrating on profit maximization, these organizations are getting involved in activities that elevate the social, economic activities of the society. Because companies have failed to take up worthy causes, it has prompted the government to implement policies that force these companies to take up proactive measures to support the society. The government`s actions cause friction between them and the companies, who accuse the government of interfering with their activities. The best method to approach this problem lies in the principle of shared value. It entails the creation of economic value, which in turn addresses the society`s needs and challenges. It is good to remember that shared value is not a form of social responsibility, but a new and innovative way to bring success back to the society. When a society`s needs and challenges are addressed, the society can now fully focus on more productive ways to improve on their economic positions. It gives rise to the next major transformation in business

Memo and sales letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Memo and sales letter - Assignment Example I urge that you To employ humanity in dealing with the issue. I also would like to take you back to an issue that occurred 2 months ago where Jane Sanders, another employee, was forced out of her parking space by male employees under threats of physical abuse. The company appeared not to accord the occurrence the seriousness it deserves. Although the male employees have been reprimanded, I feel that was not at all due appeasement to the harassed employee. Furthermore, Mrs. Sanders did assert repeatedly that some of the male employees in the incident in question have made inappropriate passes at her in the past. This brings the focal point of that particular case not only to gender inequality but also sexual harassment. I would like to remind the company of the country’s constitutional provisions for gender sensitivity. The constitution provides that female members of the workforce be treated in a just and fair manner as the male members of the workforce. An oversight of this is therefore liable to legal complaint. It is only after this assertion is taken into account that the situation will be remedied. An assurance from the Human Resource department that the issues above will be handled with the utmost solemnity and reassurance of our safety in the workplace will go a long way to instill change. This would be the first, among many steps to remedy the crisis. Our company is extremely appreciative of the time that we have been able to serve you. We are honored that you have chosen us as your product provider. The last time you wrote to us you had a challenge with the gear that you purchased. I believe that the issue was well taken care of by our repair and maintenance team. Kindly get back to us and inform us whether you were fulfilled with the results. Our customer service team will review your recommendations depending on your response. We take great pride in being able to learn from our most valued and loyal

Decrease Clabsi in the Nicu Essay Example for Free

Decrease Clabsi in the Nicu Essay The purpose of this initiative is to decrease and/or eliminate central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at Aurora Bay Care Medical Center. Hospital acquired infections, including CLABSI, is a major cause of mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and extra costs for NICU patients (Stevens Schulman, 2012). The goal of this initiative is to decrease CLABSI by 75% by reducing the number of days lines are in and standardizing the insertion process and line maintenance. CLABSI is preventable and increases the risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in very low birth weight infants. It is estimated that up to 70% of hospital acquired infections are caused by CLABSI in preterm infants (Stevens Schulman, 2012). It is also estimated that 41,000 CLABSI occur in United States hospitals every year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). It is easily preventable by managing the central line properly. Insertion of the central line must be done completely sterile and rigorous care needs to be done with catheter care. The catheter hub is the main culprit of infections so that needs to be a large part of the initiative (Stevens Schulman, 2012). The participants in this initiative include neonatologists, neonatal nurse practitioners, nurses, infection control personnel, the NICU supervisor, and the NICU manager. Together, they will form a core team of 10 people with at least one person from each level of care. The team will analyze the NICU practices and establish practice based on evidenced based practice. The team will investigate the cause of each infection and agree on changes that need to be made. They will meet every other week until the new practices have been established, at which time they can determine how often they need to meet. Each member must play an active role in the investigation process as well as the agreed-upon changes. There are multiple benefits to the proposed initiative. Hospital acquired infections will be reduced which means there will be a reduction in harm to the patients. This will mean a  major cost savings to Aurora Bay Care Medical Center because there will not be that additional cost of treating a preventable infection. Staff will be collaborating together for the greater good of the NICU. The best practices that come out of the initiative can be shared with other NICUs to help decrease CLABSI across all hospitals. The cost of the initiative will be minimal compared to the cost of treating a CLABSI. On top of the morbidity and mortality resulting from the infection, the financial costs are significant. Many of these costs are no longer covered by insurance because the infection was a result of the hospital stay. The CDC recently estimated the cost of a CLABSI to be $29,156 per case with an estimated mortality of 12-25% (Horan, 2010). The largest cost that will incur because of this initiative will be staffing costs. The team of approximately 10 people will get paid for their time on the team that will meet every other week for an undetermined amount of time, not to exceed 3 months. Any time spent on research will need to be reimbursed. The entire staff will need to be trained on the new processes before they are rolled out. They will be required to do hands on training as well as complete a competency designed by the team. There will not be an increase in the cost of supplies, as the NICU has all the supplies necessary at this time. If it is determined they need different supplies, it will be addressed at that time. Data definitions and the procedures used for collection will be determined by the team at the first meeting. The data will be tracked from the first day the team meets throughout the course of the quality initiative. The original goal will be to decrease CLABSI by 75% in the first year. A detailed analysis must be performed on the processes that were used to implement and maintain evidence-based practices. Each infection must have an investigational analysis completed. The data that is collected will be completely confidential so as to not break the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rules. In conclusion, the purpose of this initiative is to reduce CLABSI by at least 75% in the NICU at Aurora Bay Care Medical Center. This will be accomplished through training and education to the doctors, nurses, any staff that comes into contact with the infants, and the parents. This is a win-win for both the patients as well as the hospital because it will reduce morbidities and mortalities caused by the preventable infection as well as reduce costs significantly for the  hospital. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) event. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/4psc_clabscurrent.pdf Horan, T. C. (2010). Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) criteria and case studies. Retrieved from http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/oids/hai/documents/NHSN_Workshop1_CLABSI_Criteria_Studies.pdf Stevens, T. P., Schulman, J. (2012). Evidence-based approach to preventing central line-associated blood stream infection in the NICU. Acta Paeditrica, 11-16. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02547.x

A Thousand Acres :: essays research papers

This is a book report about the book A Thousand Acres. Jane Smiley wrote this book, the grade level is 7.7 and it is worth twenty-seven points. This book is about three sisters who are each trying to be given a third of the farm corporation set up by their father. The aging father is trying to set up the corporation so that the daughters won’t have to pay inheritance taxes. The youngest daughter, Caroline, who happens to be a lawyer does not like this idea. Rose and Ginny think that it is a good idea, they live on the farm. Due to this disagreement the family gets into a big fight. Some not too good memories come out of the fight. The girlsremember the fact that their father molested Ginny and Rose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rose and Ginny get sued for the farm by their father and Caroline, in the end Ginny and Rose win the battle. After the whole court affair was over Ginny moved away to try to forget about it all, then Rose’s breast cancer comes back and she moves back to help Rose and her daughters. Then when they thought that all tragedy was over, their father died of a heart attack. Rose fought her cancer for a while, but in the end she lost her battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The major conflict in this book was when Rose and Ginny remember about their father molesting them. Their father thought that he took the secret that he molested them to the grave, but he didn’t. It took a while for Ginny to remember that she was molested. After Rose kept on telling her that they were molested Ginny had some flashbacks and she remembered what happened. Rose and Ginny never told anyone about their father. He was a respected man in the community and Rose and Ginny were mad that their father got away with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of this story is that when something bad happens you need to talk about it. It can trigger more and more problems if you don’t get it off your chest. When you keep the secret to yourself it builds up and eats away at you. Then it makes you angrier about the problem. By not telling anyone it doesn’t help the problem any.

Foreign Exchange Guidelines for Bangladesh

INTRODUCTION 1. Assalamualaikum and Good evening , on behalf of my group I welcome you all to the presentation on FOREIGN EXCHANGE GUIDELINES IN BANGLADESH AND FINDING IN THE PROCESS ITS USER FRIENDLYNESS . Ladies and Gentlemen , the very word foreign exchange refers to foreign currency in general but crucially in text-book terms it refers to the process or mechanism by which currency of one country is converted into the currency of another country . Usually such conversion takes place in the occasion of foreign trade i. e. xport or import or remittance of earnings both inward and outward by Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals , then in case of Foreign Direct Investments or at individual level for the purpose of traveling or official visits both by Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals . 2. Like any other country , to regulate and control smooth functioning of such Foreign Exchange in Bangladesh , Foreign Exchange Regulations are issued by the Government of Bangladesh as well as by the Ban gladesh Bank in the form of Notifications which are published in the Bangladesh Gazette .Now the Regulations which provides the legal basis for regulating all payments and dealings of foreign exchange in Bangladesh is known as Foreign Exchange Regulation (FER) Act , 1947 (Act No. VII of1947) , that was enacted on 11th March, 1947 in the then British India , subsequently adapted by Pakistan and eventually after necessary corrections and modifications by appropriate authority it was reproduced and adapted in Bangladesh and is still in vogue . Ladies and Gentlemen by law it is the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act ! 947 that rules all sorts of transactions of FE in Bangladesh . 1 AIM 3. To provide General Idea on Foreign Exchange Guidelines for Foreign Currency Transactions in common occasions in Bangladesh in a limited scale and deduce as to whether it is user-friendly . SCOPE 4. The topic will be discussed under the following heads ; a. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign- Exchange and Common Circumstances/Occasions Involving Foreign Exchange Transactions . . b. Authorized Dealers (ADs) , Money Changers and Various Types of Accounts involving Foreign Exchange . c.Foreign Exchange in International Trade ; Export and Import and Foreign Direct Investment. d. Foreign Exchange Through Remittance ; Inward , Outward and Commercial . e. Foreign Exchange Regulations for Travels and Visits by Baladeshi and Foreign Nationals. f. Userfriendlyness of Foreign Exchange Regulations in Bangladesh . 2 5. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign-Exchange and Common Circumstances/Occasions Involving Foreign Exchange Transactions . a. Definitions of Certain Terms Related to Foreign-Exchange . 1) Money . The term ‘Money’ in modern sense is used to describe actual money in the form of coin or notes or in any other form which passes freely from hand to hand as the recognised media of value exchange inside or outside the country . (2) Currency . ‘ Cu rrency ’ is a generic term and covers not only the actual coins and paper notes in a country but also any credit instruments which convey the right to wealth in terms of any given unit such as cheques , money orders , travelers cheques , promissory notes , bills of exchange etc . 3) Foreign Currency . As per FER Act 1947 ‘Foreign Currency’ means any currency other than Bangladeshi Currency i. e. Taka. (4) Foreign Exchange . As per FER Act 1947 ‘Foreign Exchange’ means foreign currency and includes any instrument drawn , accepted or issued under all deposits , credits and balance payable in foreign currency and any drafts , travelers cheques and bills of exchange expressed or drawn in Bangladeshi Currency but payable in any Foreign Currency . 5) Resident . Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947 stipulates that any person who has at any time after the commencement of Act been resident in Bangladesh be treated as resident in;CONT Bangladesh until Banglad esh Bank by general or special order 3 directs otherwise. For the purpose of the said Act, ordinarily, a resident is a person, bank or firm who/which resides/has established a place of business in Bangladesh.A person is deemed to be ordinarily resident if he maintains a home in Bangladesh or resides in the country for a substantial part of each year or pays income tax as a resident of Bangladesh and falls under any of following category ; (a) persons holding Office in the Service of the Republic ofBangladesh who go abroad or who are already abroad and residingoutside Bangladesh for the time being either on duty or on leave, (b) foreign nationals residing in Bangladesh for work or self employment, c) foreign nationals residing in Bangladesh for study under student visa, (d) foreign nationals staying in Bangladesh with residence visa, (e) officials of Bangladesh Government and public sector undertakings deputed abroad on assignment with foreign governments/organisations or posted to t heir own offices (including Bangladesh Diplomatic Missions abroad) and (f) foreign nationals residing continuously in Bangladesh for six months or more would be treated as residents. (6) Non-Resident .A non-resident is a person, bank or firm who/which resides/has a place of business outside Bangladesh. Non-residents include Bangladesh nationals who go out of Bangladesh for any purpose. On the other hand, the fact that a person gives an address in Bangladesh does not necessarily mean that he should be regarded as a resident if he is, in fact, only a temporary visitor and is ordinarily resident elsewhere . 4 (7) Authorised Dealers . The term Authorised Dealer or AD would means a bank authorised by Bangladesh Bank to deal in foreign exchange under the FER Act, 1947. (8) Money Changers .The term â€Å"Money Changer† means a sole proprietorship or partnership firm/company licensed by Bangladesh Bank under â€Å"FER Act, 1947† to act as Money Changer for dealing in certain f oreign exchange transactions as directed by Bangladesh Bank from time to time. b. Common Circumstances/Occasions Involving Foreign ExchangeTransactions . Basiacally and Most commonly Foreign Exchange Transaction takes place in the following occasions ; (1) In case of any International Trade involving Export , Import . (2) In case of Remittance of All Income (both inward and outward) and All kinds of Commercial Remittances . 3) All Foreign Investments and Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) . (4) All kinds of International Travels and Visits (Official & Unoffcial ) by both Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals . 5 6. Authorized Dealers (ADs) , Money Changers and Various Types of Accounts involving Foreign Exchange . a. Authorized Dealers (ADs) . In exercise of the powers conferred by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1947 ; certain schedule banks which are authorized to deal in Foreign Exchange by Bangladesh Bank . The selected branches of bank which are thus entrusted to transact such FE business is known as Authorized Dealers (ADs).The ADs are authorized to make all sorts of Foreign Exchange Transactions including money changing in accordance with the guidelines provided by Bangladesh Bank . As a prerequisite to become AD a schedule bank has to obtain Authorized Dealership Licence from Bangladesh Bank after following certain prescribed procedures and after fulfilling certain requirements laid down by Bangladesh Bank . Certain regulations as per FER act 1947 ; applicable for ADs are as follows ; (1) It is only Bangladesh Bank which can issue licences normally to scheduled banks to deal in foreign exchange foe becoming ADs .All applications for Authorised Dealer Licence has to be made to the General Manager, Foreign Exchange Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, Head Office, Dhaka with a declaration that ‘Guidelines on Managing Core Risks in Banking' (as prescribed by Bangladesh Bank vide Circular No. 17, dated 07 October, 2003) pertaining to treasury function s in foreign exchange are already in place and all steps have been taken by the bank for internal monitoring and supervision of the branches for carrying out foreign exchange transactions. ) Besides, the banks also have to provide information showing that it has adequate manpower trained in foreign exchange and there is prospect to attract reasonable volume of foreign exchange business in the desired location and the applicant bank meticulously complies with the instructions of the Bangladesh Bank especially with regard to submission of periodical returns. 6 b. Authorized Money Changers . In addition to the ADs in FE , Bangladesh Bank also authorizes certain Banks located in the port area or in and around BOPs and establishments like certain Hotels and Shops to buy and sale foreign currency in exchange of local currency .Such banks and establishments in whose favour such licences of Authorization are granted are known as Authorized Money Changers . From Capacity point of view there are two types of Money Changers ; ‘ Full-Fledged Money Changers ‘ which are authorized to both purchase and sell foreign currency and Restricted Money Changers ’ which are authorized only to purchase foreign currency notes and Travellers Cheques and under compulsion are subject to the condition that all such FE collections are surrendered by them to ADs at official rate . Certain Regulations applicable for them are as follows ; 1) The authorisations are granted to persons or firms of adequate means and status who, in the opinion of the Bangladesh Bank, will be able to conduct their dealings strictly in accordance with the foreign exchange regulations. Applications for the grant of licences with limited scope should be made to the General Manager, Foreign Exchange Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, Head Office, Dhaka. (2) Money Changer shall have no branch office. The premise to be used for money changing business shall not be used for any other business activity. Money Changers are allowed to buy foreign currency notes, coins and TCs from incoming foreign and Bangladesh nationals coming/returning from abroad. (3) Money Changers will sell foreign currency notes, coins and TCs only to outgoing Bangladesh nationals subject to a maximum limit of USD 1000 or equivalent in the form of cash and /or TC. Release of foreign exchange in excess of USD 200 or equivalent shall require valid visa. Money Changers may also sell foreign currency notes, coins and TCs to outgoing foreign nationals having duly issued encashment certificates, subject to a maximum limit of USD 500 or equivalent . (4) The Money Changers shall fix their own exchange rates for purchase and sale of foreign currency notes and coins and TC and the rates shall be displayed prominently at their counters. (5) Any change in money changer's office location shall require prior approval of Bangladesh Bank. Applications for changing office location should be forwarded to the General Manager, Fo reign Exchange Operation Department, Bangladesh Bank . c.Foreign Accounts and Credit Instrument for Foreign Exchange. Generally the movement of Foreign Currencies or FE Transactions are settled through Banking System . Usually the banks which are ADs ; maintain FE departments and indeed are the main channels through which international payments are being made . Such banks may have their branches in various countries abroad or where that is not possible may get affiliated with some overseas bank ready to act as their agent which are then known as correspondents .In order to effect FE transactions these banks maintain certain types of Accounts in their own names in various Foreign Currencies . Infact payments of various bill as per different terms of payment are made through such accounts . (1) Types of Foreign Accounts . (a) Nostro Accounts . ‘Nostro’ means ‘Ours’ in Latin . These are the accounts maintained by concerned Bangladeshi Bank with each of their c orrespondent banks . It is also known as Foreign Currency Account in some countries . 8 (b) Vostro Accounts . ’Vostro’ means ‘Yours’ in latin .The current accounts in domestic currency maintained with the local banks by any Foreign Bank are Called Vostro Accounts or Local Currency Accounts . Usually vostro accounts are opened and maintained by local banks which are acting as the Correspondents to some Foreign Banks . (c) Loro Accounts . A Foreign Banks Account of any third party , whether in foreign currency or in local currency is referred to as ‘Loro’ or ‘Their’ Account . (d) Certain Regulations about Foreign Accounts . i) ADs may maintain accounts in freely convertible currencies with their correspondents/branches abroad. i) The ADs may enter into transactions for sale or purchase of foreign currencies with other ADs, foreign correspondents and overseas branches provided that all such transactions must be reported to the Bangla desh Bank in the appropriate Returns, daily exchange position statement and daily interbank transaction statement . iii) Banks are always required to submit a ‘Statement of monthend position of un-reconciled nostro account entries' containing summary of un-reconciled nostro account entries at the end of each month. v) The ADs may obtain short term loans and overdrafts for a period not exceeding 7 days at a time from overseas branches and correspondents at the going market rates to meet their short term needs . 9 (2) Credit Instruments and Terms of Payment . FE Transaction may take effect in the form of any of the followings as per different terms of payment which can be short , medium or long ; (a) Telephone Transfers (TT) , (b) Mail Transfers (MT) , (c) Bankers Draft , (d) Bills of Exchange , (e) Letter of Credit (LC) , (f) Stock Draft , (g) Personal Cheques , (h) SWIFT , (i) Currency Notes and Coins , j) International Money Orders , (k) Travellers Cheques , (l) Credit Cards etc . The different terms of payment set by the traders in this regard can be ; Documentary Letter of Credit ( L/C ) , Documents Against Payment ( DP ), Documents on Acceptance ( DA ) , Consignment Sale , Value payable(VP) / Cash on Delivery (COD) or could be Suppliers Credit and Buyers Credit . 10 7. Foreign Exchange in International Trade ; Export and Import and Foreign Direct Investment . a. FE Regulations for Exports in General . (1) Foreign exchange regulations regarding exports cover all goods xported to all destinations regardless of whether they are subject to Export Trade Control Regulations. Similarly, nothing in the foreign exchange regulations relieves the exporters from the necessity of complying with the Export Trade Control Regulations prescribed by the Government, including the necessity of obtaining export licences in case of goods the export of which requires such licence. (2) All exports to which the requirement of declaration applies, must be declared on the EXP Form (Appendix 5/19). These forms will be supplied by the ADs to their exporter clients. 3) Payment for goods exported from Bangladesh should be received through an AD in freely convertible foreign currency or in Taka from a non-resident Taka Account. Receipts against exports under various barter and bilateral arrangements should be settled as per instructions issued by the Bangladesh Bank from time to time, (4) The ADs should, before certifying any EXP form, ensure that the exporter is registered with the CCI under the Registration (Importers and Exporters) Order 1952. The registration number should be quoted on the relative EXP forms. 11 ) In the case of commodities export of which is subject to receipt of advance payment or confirmed and irrevocable LC (such as raw jute), shipments will be allowed by the Customs only on the basis of the certificate of the AD on the EXP forms to the effect that either advance payment or confirmed and irrevocable LC has been received covering expor t of the goods mentioned on the EXP form. 6) The period prescribed by the Bangladesh Bank within which full foreign exchange proceeds of exports must be received by exporters is four months (Vide Bangladesh Bank Notification No. FE 1/77-BB dated 16th April, 1977).If the receipt of the full proceeds of any shipment is delayed beyond this period without a special or general authorisation from the Bangladesh Bank, the exporter will be liable to action under the FER Act. (7) Before paying out money against remittances received from abroad, whether against purchase of foreign currency or debit to a non-resident taka account of a foreign bank in case where purpose of the remittance is stated to be advance receipt for goods to be exported from Bangladesh, the AD should obtain a declaration from the beneficiary on the â€Å"Advance Receipt Voucher† certifying the purpose of the remittance. 8) Unless specific approval is obtained from Bangladesh Bank, the entire export proceeds in cas e of both physical and non-physical export, must be repatriated within four months of export as usual. 12 b. FE Regulations for Export Processing Zones (EPZs) . (1) EPZ s have been established by the Act namely, Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority Act, 1980. The following types of industrial units operate in the EPZs: (a) Type A: 100 percent foreign owned including those owned by Bangladeshi nationals ordinarily resident abroad. b) Type B: Joint venture projects between foreign and Bangladesh entrepreneurs resident in Bangladesh. (c) Type C: 100 percent Bangladeshi entrepreneurs resident in Bangladesh. The broad guidelines relating to the operation of industrial enterprises in the EPZs are contained in the † Principles and Procedures governing setting up of industries in EPZ† issued by the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority (BEPZA). (2) Exports from EPZs are subject to the usual requirement of declaration of exports in EXP Form and repatriation of export proceeds.For identification, EXP forms for these exports should be rubber stamped or over printed with words † â€Å"EXPORT FROM EPZ† in bold letters. (3) Sales of Bangladeshi goods or raw materials to the enterprises in EPZ against payment in foreign currency shall be treated as exports from Bangladesh and normal foreign exchange regulations concerning declaration of exports on EXP Forms and repatriation of proceeds is applicable to these exports to the EPZ enterprises. 13 C.FE Regulations for Import . (1) Import of goods into Bangladesh is regulated by the Ministry of Commerce in terms of the Import and Export (Control) Act, 1950, through Import Policy Order (IPO) in force and Public Notices issued from time to time by the Office of the Chief Controller of Imports and Exports (CCI&E). The instructions contained in this chapter apply to sales of foreign exchange or transfers to nonresident taka accounts against import of goods into Bangladesh.In terms of the Importers , Exporters and Indentors (Registration) Order, 1981 no person can import goods into Bangladesh unless he is registered with the CCI&E or exempted from the provisions of the said Order. Before Letter of Credit Authorisation Form (LCAF) is issued or Letter of credit (LC) is opened or remittance is made for imports into Bangladesh the AD should verify that the importer is registered with the CCI&E or otherwise exempted from such registration. The AD should ensure that the registration number of the importer is invariably furnished on the IMP form.Where the importer is exempted from such registration, a suitable mention of this fact should be made on the IMP form. (2) The ADs must ensure that they deal only with known customers having a place of business in Bangladesh and can be traced easily should any occasion arise for this purpose. Opening of LCs and payments for imports into Bangladesh should be made through an AD in the area where the holder of the LCAF is resident . In case the importer is a new customer, the AD should obtain certificate from the AD through which the applicant imported earlier to the effect that no bill of entry is due/overdue for submission by the mporter. 14 (3) The aggregate amount of foreign exchange sold against an LCAF whether under LC or otherwise, should not exceed the value mentioned in the LCAF, In case where LC was opened and remittance is needed in a floating currency against which no forward booking has been made, the Taka value of the LCAF shall be deemed to have been increased to the extent of appreciation of the foreign currency for the purpose of allowing remittance by the . d. FE Regulations for Foreign Investments . Foreign investors are free to make investment in Bangladesh in the industrial enterprises excepting a few reserved sectors.An industrial venture may be set up in collaboration with local investors or may even be wholly owned by the foreign investors. No permission of the Bangladesh Bank is needed to set up su ch ventures if the entrepreneurs use their own funds. However, to avail of the facilities and institutional support provided by the Government, entrepreneurs/sponsors may secure registration with the Board of Investment (BOI). 15 8. Foreign Exchange Through Remittance ; Inward , Outward and Commercial . a. FER on Inward Remittance . 1) The term â€Å"Inward Remittances† includes not only remittance by T. T. , M. T. , Drafts etc. , but also purchases of bills, purchases of drafts under Travellers' Letters of Credit and purchases of Travellers' Cheques. (2) The ADs may freely purchase foreign currencies or raise debits to non-resident Taka Accounts of the respective bank branches and correspondents. Remittances equivalent to US$ 2000 and above should be reported. Remittances received against exports should be certified and reported on EXP Forms. 3) There is no objection to the ADs obtaining reimbursement from non-resident banks in freely convertible foreign currency in respect of Taka bills and drafts purchased by them under instructions from such a non-resident bank whether under Letters of Credit or under other arrangements. (4) If an inward remittance already reported to the Bangladesh Bank is cancelled, either in full or in part, because of non-availability of beneficiary or for any other reason, the ADs must report the cancellation of the inward remittance as an outward remittance on TM form. 16 b.FER on Outward Remittance . (1) Most outward remittances either in its entirety or upto a certain limit set by Bangladesh Bank may be approved by the ADs, following declaration of Taka as convertible for current account payments from March, 1994. However, the limits of release of foreign exchange set forth in this Guidelines are indicative . (2) All remittances from Bangladesh to a foreign country or local currency credited to non-resident Taka accounts of foreign banks or convertible Taka account constitute outward remittances of foreign exchange.ADs must exercise utmost caution to ensure that foreign currencies remitted or released by them are used only for the purposes for which they are released; they should also maintain proper records for submission of returns to Bangladesh Bank as also for the latter's inspection from time to time. (3) In all cases of purchase of foreign currency, an application must be made to an AD. For payments against imports into Bangladesh, the prescribed application form must be used .On receipt of the application from the client/customer, the ADs may effect the sale of foreign exchange if they are empowered to approve the application. If the transaction requires prior approval of the Bangladesh Bank, the application should be forwarded by the AD to the Bangladesh Bank for consideration. (4) Applications for Bangladesh Bank's prior approval for outward remittances, wherever required, should be submitted to the Bangladesh Bank only through the ADs and not by their customers directly. 7 (5) The amount rele ased must not exceed the authorised limit. Also, the instructions, if any, given in the approval with regard to the amounts to be released periodically e. g. monthly or quarterly must be strictly adhered to. (6) All authorisations for selling foreign exchange for outward remittances given by the Bangladesh Bank usually remain valid for a period not exceeding 30 days from the date of approval . c. Commercial remittance . Commercial Remittance can be both inward and outward .It originates from numerous sectors and in various forms . (1) Inward remittances are usually originated from freight and passage charges applicable for cargoes carried by Land Transportation , Airliner and Shipping industry . It also comes from individuals during their travels in various ports . (2) Whereas Outward remittance is originates from local distributors of the overseas cable channels . 18 9. Foreign Exchange Regulations for Travels and Visits by Baladeshi and Foreign Nationals. a.FER for Bangladeshi Nat ionals Travelling Abroad . 1) The amount of foreign exchange released by an AD to a traveller with the approval of the Bangladesh Bank or under general recorded by them on the traveler's valid passport as well as ticket under their stamp and signature at the time of release of such exchange. Release of foreign exchange in excess of USD 200 or equivalent will require valid visa. However, while issuing foreign exchange to the Diplomats/Privileged persons/UN personnel, Govt. fficials travelling on official duties, such endorsement in their passports need not be made . (2) The ADs may release foreign exchange upto US$ 1000 or equivalent per person during a calendar year to Bangladesh nationals proceeding by air to destinations in SAARC member countries and Myanmar; within this annual limit, upto US$ 500 or equivalent may be issued per person for overland travels to the aforesaid countries.Also for visits of Bangladesh nationals to destinations in countries other than those mentioned abo ve, upto US$ 3000 per person may be issued during a calendar year. However, foreign exchange in the form of cash must not exceed US$ 2000 at any one instance. For resident Bangladesh nationals proceeding abroad against one way ticket for valid job or migrating abroad, the release of foreign exchange shall not exceed the half of the un-used balance of the annual travel entitlement of the person concerned in the calendar year.Irrespective of foreign exchange entitlement, the outgoing passenger is permitted to take upto Bangladesh Taka 500 in cash at each time. . 19 (3) The annual quotas mentioned above are for adult passengers. For minors (below 12 years in age) the applicable quota will be half the amount allowable to adults . (4) While releasing foreign exchange for travel purposes the ADs should ensure that: (a) the intending traveller is a client of the AD bank or is sufficiently well known to the AD bank for it to be satisfied about the bonafide of the application. b) the intendi ng traveller is in possession of a confirmed air ticket (where applicable) for journey to be undertaken. (c) the amount released is endorsed on the passport and air ticket (where applicable) of the traveller with indelible ink, with the signature and name of the AD branch embossed in the passport and ticket (where applicable) (d) For official or semi-official visits abroad by the officials of Government/Autonomous/Semi-autonomous institutions etc. ADs may release foreign exchange as per entitlements fixed by the Ministry of Finance/respective competent authority from time to time. In such cases, the applicant for foreign exchange shall be required to submit the Competent Authority's Order/Notification /Circular authorising the travel abroad . 20 b. FER for Travels and Visits of Foreign National . The ADs may issue foreign currency TCs to foreign nationals without any limit and foreign currency notes upto USD 2000 per person against surrender of equivalent amounts in foreign currenci es.The TCs and foreign currency notes should, however, be delivered only on production of a ticket for a destination outside Bangladesh and the amount issued should be endorsed on the relative passports. c. Import of Foreign Currency Notes . (1) In terms of Bangladesh Bank Notification Nos FE-1/03-BB dated 6th January, 2003 and FE-1/04-BB dated 23rd March, 2004 any person may bring into Bangladesh from any place outside Bangladesh without any limit foreign currency notes or bank notes other than ; (a) Un-issued notes and coins. (b) Notes legal tender in Bangladesh in excess of Taka 500 in value.Provided that the concerned person makes a written declaration to the Customs Authorities at the time of arrival, in FMJ Form of the entire amount; no declaration will however, be necessary if the amount brought in does not exceed US$ 5000 or its equivalent in foreign currency and does not exceed Taka 500 in notes legal tender in Bangladesh. (2) Sending into Bangladesh by post/courier or othe rwise of any currency note, bank note or coin by any person from abroad without general or specific permission from the Bangladesh Bank is prohibited. 1 d. Export of Foreign Currency Notes . . (1) Any person ordinarily resident in Bangladesh may take out foreign exchange not exceeding US$ 5000 or its equivalent which was brought in without declaration at the time of returning from abroad. (2) Any person not ordinarily resident in Bangladesh including Bangladesh Nationals working abroad may take out of Bangladesh any amount in foreign exchange not exceeding the amount declared by him to the Customs Authority on arrival in Bangladesh.However, such a person may take out at the time of leaving Bangladesh foreign exchange not exceeding US $ 5,000 or its equivalent brought in without declaration to the Customs Authority on his arrival in Bangladesh. (3) It is not permissible to send currency notes and coins out of Bangladesh by post/courier or any other means. 22 10. Findings on Whether F ER is User-Friendly . On the basis of reasonable Studies and Analysis done on the topic followings could be deduced in this regard ; . Firstly , because of less of restrictions imposed on Foreign Currency Accounts the FER in general seems more user friendly for Outward Remittance as unlike other countries it facilitates easy remitting of any amount abroad . b. Secondly the FE rate being allowed to be dictated by open market rather than by central bank , it results in frequent inflation which goes in favour of export trade than facilitating import trade . c.Thirdly , FER facilitates easy inflow and outflow of foreign currency during travels or visits made by both Bangladeshi and Foreign Nationals , while being less liberal in this regard on local currency . d. Fourthly , less of monitoring facilities on ADs and Money Changers makes it possible sometimes to artificially overvalue foreign currency thus giving rise to inflation making it generally user friendly to the Foreign Currency h olders than to local currency bearers . e .Last but not the least for less of practice of existing rules and corruption of certain levels of regulating authority the country as a whole does not seem to rip the benefit out of the FER rather other countries seems to enjoy so . 23 CONCLUSION 11 . Although the presentation on Foreign Exchange Regulation was made on a limited scale , but the process allowed our group to have a proper realization about the fact that in case of our personal and professional life ; ther is no scope of being ignorant or having less of knowledge on FER .As in that case it may either make us suffer or make pay heavy price during our travels or while doing business . 12. It is thus needless to mention that it is to the best of our interest that we take good effort in acquiring knowledge in this regard and in future make best utilization of that knowledge in taking important decisions both in our personal and professional life and career . Thank you . 24

The Milgram Experiment

The Milgram Experiment Outline Topic: The Milgram experiment I) The experiment A) Who was involved with the experiment? B) How they got participants C) What the subjects thought was happening i)Learning Task ii) Memory Study iii) Electric shock for wrong answer iv) â€Å"Prods† to continue the shocks D) What actually happened i) It was a test for obedience not memory ii) Vocal response from the victims (staged and set beforehand) II) The results A) How many experiments were performed B) How many people were tested C) How many continued the experiment D) The video of obedienceE) What types of people were tested, and what difference that made F) Differences between each test and results G) High levels of stress for subjects III) Why did he do the experiment A) To get an understanding of Nazis B) To prove the â€Å"answer to destructive obedience lay less in the power of personality and more in the power of situation† C) Social projection D) Test the idea that some people consider themselves better than others IV) The reaction A) Self realization B) Unethical i) Manipulation ii) Disregard for rights iii) Negligent of emotional well beingC) Argument in ethics caused new rules in APA guidelines V) Applications A) Nazi Germany B) U. S. wars C) Watergate Many experiments have been performed throughout the years. One of the most shocking would have to be the Milgram experiment performed by Stanley Milgram. The experiment was to test a person’s â€Å"Obedience to Authority† by seeing if he or she would cause harm to another just because they were told. The idea of obedience has been instilled in people since the time of Cain and Able, with regard to doing as God says. There are multiple reasons for Dr.Milgram to perform this experiment, however, some did not accept this and still believed it to be a violation of the subjects human rights. The results showed that even though people believed they would not cause extreme harm to another, they wo uld if put in the position where they were pressured to by an authoritative person. This resulted in chaos in the psychological community, and concluded in major changes to what is moral, and ethical, under the guidelines provided by APA. However, his results may be used to consider what happened during World War II, along with other U. S. ars, as well as what happened during the Watergate scandal. This experiment was performed many times. It began with Dr. Milgram placing an ad in a New Haven newspaper. The advertisement asked for people between the ages of 20 and 50, those who were not currently attending school, and from all types of professions. It also claimed the experiment would last one hour, and that it was to study memory. Those who participated in the experiment would receive four dollars for participating, and fifty cents for carfare, for the one hour of participation. From this ad, he did not get enough of a response so Dr.Milgram took names from a phone directory, and send fliers in the mail. The experiment itself was performed in the Interaction Laboratory of Yale University. It consisted of two people who were aware of what was happening, one called the â€Å"experimenter,† the person in charge of managing the experiment, and another called, â€Å"the victim. † A third, was one other person involved with the experiment called the â€Å"naive subject† who was the one being tested in this experiment. The experiment called for two different perspectives, which were what the â€Å"naive subject† believed to be happening, and what was really happening.The experiment was set up so that according to the â€Å"naive subject,† â€Å"the victim† was told to memorize a list of word pairs such as: blue box nice day wild duck etc. then in the testing sequence he [the naive subject] would read: blue: sky ink box lamp (Obedience 18). If â€Å"the victim† was able to select the correct corresponding word, the â €Å"naive subject† continued by saying the next word. However, if â€Å"the victim† did not answer correctly, or took too long in answering, the â€Å"naive subject† would have to administer a shock.After each wrong answer, the next wrong answer would result in a stronger shock. The generator, which was to administer the shocks to â€Å"the victim†: Ranged from 15 to 450 volts. The labels showed a 15-volt increment from one switch to the next, going from left to right. In addition, the following verbal designations were clearly indicated for groups of four switches, going from left to right: Slight Shock, Moderate Shock, Strong Shock, Very Strong Shock, Intense Shock, Extreme Intensity Shock, Danger: Severe Shock. Two switches after this last designation were simply marked XXX. (Obedience 20)The authenticity of the generator was validated by giving the â€Å"naive subject† a 45 volt shock to the wrist. The test which the â€Å"naive subject† thought was a test for memory, was actually to test a person’s willingness to follow authority. Therefore, as the voltage was to increase, there were acted protests by â€Å"the victim† which made the â€Å"naive subject† less willing to continue. However, if the â€Å"naive subject† was having second thoughts about continuing, the â€Å"experimenter† was to give â€Å"prods† each more aggressive as the â€Å"naive subject† continued to protest, Prod 1: Please continue, or, Please go on.Prod 2: The experiment requires that you continue. Prod 3: It is absolutely essential that you continue. Prod 4: You have no other choice you must go on (Obedience 21). Feeling obligated even though â€Å"the victim† responded with cries of pain and eventually no answer, the majority of those did continue. The results of this experiment were interesting. In the primary experiment 26 out of 40 people continued to shock a person with what he or s he believed to be 450 volts for an incorrect answer, or if they did not respond within a time limit set by the â€Å"experimenter. Another variation of this experiment he performed in which he: placed the learner closer to the teacher, including one in which the teacher actually had to force the learner’s hand onto a shock plate in order to punish him; about 30 percent of subjects continued the variation until the end (Fermaglich 86). There was another variation which used only women. The results were the same as those for men. Over three years, Dr. Milgram performed 24 different variations of his original experiment, and tested over 1,000 people. There was also one case in which Dr.Milgram videotaped a subject’s obedience, â€Å"In the full version of Milgram’s film Prozi [the subject] is shown ending up being completely obedient- that is, administering a 450-volt shock to the unseen learner† (Blass). Another result of this experiment was the experiment had a huge impact on those who were the subjects. It resulted in high levels of stress in those who were subjects, whether they obeyed or disobeyed, which Dr. Milgram himself admitted to happening, and so he had to provide a meeting for the subject and the learner, in order to try to alleviate that stress (Fermaglich 87).Although the experiment was performed many times, and on many different people, this proved that the majority will follow orders when they are given, even if it goes against their conscience. These were not the only results from this experiment; people had other thoughts about Dr. Milgram’s experiment. There have been many who have wondered why a man would perform a test that many people consider to be a violation of a person’s basic rights. Dr. Milgram had many reasons behind performed these experiments. Dr. Milgram believed â€Å"When you think of the long and gloomy history of man, you will ind more hideous crimes have been committed in the name o f obedience than have ever been committed in the name of rebellion† (Obedience 2). He wanted to be able to prove his belief that the â€Å"answer to destructive obedience lay less in the power of personality and more in the power of situation† (Slater 31). He also performed it with relation to the Holocaust, and since Milgram, â€Å"a Jewish man whose relatives had hidden from the Nazis and been interned in concentration camps, [he] constructed his experiments in order to understand Nazi evil† (Fermaglich 84).Another idea posed as a reason for Dr. Milgram’s performance was the thought of â€Å"self-other bias (Brown, 1986) [which] is the general tendency for people to rate themselves as better than ‘typical others’† (Geher, Bauman, Hubbard, and Legare 3). There were those who believed the experiment to be unethical, and others who seem to be enlightened with a sense of self realization. One person found Dr. Milgram’s experiment t o give him a better sense of who he was: I felt a shock of recognition, and the immediate knowledge that I could do such a thing, unsteady as I am.And I knew I could do such a thing, not because some strange set of circumstances propelled me to, no†¦It was not external. It was internal (Slater 62) However most other people who did not participate in the experiment did not feel this way, they felt this experiment was â€Å"the subject of enormous controversy, centered on the contention that his research subjects had been unethically manipulated, without due regard for their rights or emotional well-being† (Schwartz). In the field of psychology there was an uproar, with those who found the experiment to be reprehensible.One of those people was Diana Baumrind who questioned the obedience experiment, with concern for the welfare of the subjects, and curiosity over measures taken to protect those involved and voiced her concerns in American Psychologist (Individual 140). Dr. Baumrind’s article concerning the experiment resulted in the revision of APA ethical guidelines, which went with those laid down by the federal government, which limited the use of humans as subjects in the medical and psychological field (Fermaglich 103). Many found what Dr.Milgram did to be unethical, however because of it people now have a better understanding of what they are able to do, and they are able to apply his findings to other situations that have occurred, and may happen in the future. This experiment may be applied to a multitude of different subjects that are in a person’s every day life. The major subject would be the Nazis during World War II, which was a motive for Dr. Milgram to do the experiment in the beginning. It explores why a citizen who â€Å"ran the death camps seemed to be ordinary â€Å"decent† citizens, with consciences no different from those of any of us† (Velasquez et al). Dr.Milgram also compares the killing of Jews in t he gas chambers to the manufacturing of appliances, and he says all of those deaths could not have occurred if a large number of people did not obey orders (Obedience 1). The ideas that Dr. Milgram came up with were applied as an explanation for â€Å"the massacre of hundreds of Vietnamese civilians at My Lai and the criminal activities in Nixon’s White House: ‘Stanley Milgram†¦ demonstrated in the laboratory what Lt. William Calley and his unit would dramatize later in Mylai- that man’s behavior is almost invariably dominated by authority rather than by his own morality’† (Fermaglich 111).This idea is also exemplified on television, as on a recent episode of â€Å"Law and Order: S. V. U. † viewers encounter a manager of a fast food restaurant who blatantly obeys the orders of a voice over the phone saying that he is â€Å"Detective Milgram. † The manager is told that an employee stole the wallet of a customer, and â€Å"Detectiv e Milgram† tells the manager to strip the girl of all of her clothing except for her apron, and to perform a cavity search, to look for the wallet.Later in the episode we encounter the man who posed as â€Å"Detective Milgram† who performed his own variation of the experiment, because he had been like the manager, when he allowed the doctor to go against his advice, which resulted in the death of his wife. During school, a person may be faced with a similar situation. One being seeing a person cheat on a test. The person is put in a situation with two choices, neither desirable. The person may tell the teacher, which results in anger from the person who was told on, as well as a loss of time for that person to take their own test.The other option is to do nothing, which in the long run will hurt the student as he or she never learned the material, as he or she was suppose to. Typically a student will choose the latter, and ignore the situation, which ends up hurting the other student. This examination can be viewed on a vast number of levels, but that does not change the facts and ideas behind what happened. Dr. Milgram performed a venture which is thought to have been unethical, as he tested a person’s willingness to follow orders and do as he or she was told.He discovered the majority would actually do so, even if they believed they were hurting an innocent person. The controversial research has had a variety of impacts on every different person. For some they have a self realization, thinking of why type of person he or she is and if they are sheep, blindly following authority. Works Cited for Research Paper: Blass, Thomasm. â€Å"The Milgram Obedience Experiment: Support for a Cognitive View of Defensive Attribution. † The Journal of Social Psychology (1996). library. Web. 24 Nov. 2009. . Fermaglich, Kirsten. American Dreams and Nazi Nightmares : Early Holocaust Consciousness and Liberal America, 1957-1965. Waltham, Mass. : Brand eis University Press, 2006. Geher, Glenn, Kathleen P. Bauman, Sara Elizabeth Kay Hubbard, and Jared Richard Legare. â€Å"Self and Other Obedience Estimates: Biases and Moderators. † The Journal of Social Psychology 142. 6 (2002): 677. Web. 24 Nov. 2009. Milgram, Stanley. Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper Perennial, 1974.Milgram, Stanley. The Individual in a Social World: Essays and Experiments. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1977. Schwartz, Earl. â€Å"Why Some Ask Why. † Judaism 53. 3/4 (2004): 230. elibrary. Web. 24 Nov. 2009. Slater, Lauren. Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004. Velasquez, Manuel, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S. J. , and Michael J. Meyer. â€Å"Conscience and Authority. † Santa Clara University. 12/03/2009 . The Milgram Experiment Stanley Milgram: ‘electric shock' experiments (1963) – also showed the power of the situation in influencing behaviour. 65% of people could be easily induced into giving a stranger an electric shock of 450V (enough to kill someone). 100% of people could be influenced into giving a 275V shock. The Milgram Experiment Stanley Milgram (1963) Experiment: Focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. Investigate: Whether Germans were particularly obedient to authority figures as this was a common explanation for the Nazi killings in World War II.Milgram selected participants for his experiment by advertising for male participants to take part in a study of learning at Yale University. The procedure was that the participant was paired with another person and they drew lots to find out who would be the ‘learner’ and who would be the ‘teacher’. The draw was fixed so that the participant was always the teacher, and the l earner was one of Milgram’s confederates (pretending to be a real participant). The learner (a confederate called Mr.Wallace) was taken into a room and had electrodes attached to his arms, and the teacher and researcher went into a room next door that contained an electric shock generator and a row of switches marked from 15 volts (Slight Shock) to 375 volts (Danger: Severe Shock) to 450 volts (XXX). Milgram's Experiment Aim: Milgram (1963) was interested in researching how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person. Stanley Milgram was interested in how easily ordinary people could be influenced into committing atrocities for example, Germans in WWII. Procedure:Volunteers were recruited for a lab experiment investigating â€Å"learning† (ethics: deception). Participants were 40 males, aged between 20 and 50, (bias: All male) whose jobs ranged from unskilled to professional. At the beginning of the experiment they were introduce d to another participant, who was actually a confederate of the experimenter (Milgram). They drew straws to determine their roles – leaner or teacher – although this was fixed and the confederate always ended to the learner. There was also an â€Å"experimenter† dressed in a white lab coat, played by an actor (not Milgram). The â€Å"learner† (Mr.Wallace) was strapped to a chair in another room with electrodes. After he has learned a list of word pairs given him to learn, the â€Å"teacher† tests him by naming a word and asking the learner to recall its partner/pair from a list of four possible choices. The teacher is told to administer an electric shock every time the learner makes a mistake, increasing the level of shock each time. There were 30 switches on the shock generator marked from 15 volts (slight shock) to 450 (danger – severe shock). The learner gave mainly wrong answers (on purpose) and for each of these the teacher gave him an electric shock.When the teacher refused to administer a shock and turned to the experimenter for guidance, he was given the standard instruction /order (consisting of 4 prods): Prod 1: please continue. Prod 2:  the experiment requires you to continue. Prod 3: It is absolutely essential that you continue. Prod 4: you have no other choice but to continue. Results: 65% (two-thirds) of participants (i. e. teachers) continued to the highest level of 450 volts. All the participants continued to 300 volts. Milgram did more than one experiment – he carried out 18 variations of his study.All he did was alter the situation (IV) to see how this affected obedience (DV). Conclusion: Ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being. Obedience to authority is ingrained in us all from the way we are brought up. Obey parents, teachers, anyone in authority etc. Milgram summed up in the article â€Å"The Perils of Obedience† (Milgram 1974), writing: â€Å"The legal and philosophic aspects of obedience are of enormous import, but they say very little about how most people behave in concrete situations.I set up a simple experiment at Yale University to test how much pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to by an experimental scientist. Stark authority was pitted against the subjects’ [participants’] strongest moral imperatives against hurting others, and, with the subjects’ [participants’] ears ringing with the screams of the victims, authority won more often than not. The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief finding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation. Factors Affecting Obedience The Milgram experiment was carried out many times whereby Milgram varied the basic procedure (changed the IV). By doing this Milgram c ould identify which factors affected obedience (the DV). Status of Location| Personal Responsibility| * The orders were given in an important location (Yale University) – when Milgram’s study was conducted in a run-down office in the city, obedience levels dropped. * This suggests that prestige increases obedience. | *   When there is less personal responsibility obedience increases. When participants could instruct an assistant to press the switches, 95% (compared to 65% in the original study) shocked to the maximum 450 volts. * This relates to Milgram's Agency Theory. | Legitimacy of Authority Figure| Status of Authority Figure| * People tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their authority as morally right and / or legally based. * This response to legitimate authority is learned in a variety of situations, for example in the family, school and workplace. | *   Milgram’s experimenter wore a laboratory coat (a symbol of scientific experti se) which gave him a high status. But when the experimenter dressed in everyday clothes obedience was very low. * The  uniform  of the authority figure can give them status. | Peer Support| Proximity of Authority Figure| * Peer support – if a person has the social support of their friend(s) then obedience is less likely. * Also the presence of others who are seen to disobey the authority figure reduces the level of obedience. This happened in Milgram’s experiment when there was a â€Å"disobedient model†. | *   Authority figure distant: It is easier to resist the orders from an authority figure if they are not close by.When the experimenter instructed and prompted the teacher by telephone from another room, obedience fell to 20. 5%. * When the authority figure is close by then obedience is more likely. | Methodological Issues The  Milgram studies  were conducted in laboratory type conditions and we must ask if this tells us much about real-life situati ons. We obey in a variety of real-life situations that are far more subtle than instructions to give people electric shocks, and it would be interesting to see what factors operate in everyday obedience.The sort of situation Milgram investigated would be more suited to a military context. Milgram's sample was biased: The participants in Milgram's study were all male. Do the findings transfer to females? In Milgram's study the participants were a self-selecting sample. This is because they became participants only by electing to respond to a newspaper advertisement (selecting themselves). They may also have a typical â€Å"volunteer personality† – not all the newspaper readers responded so perhaps it takes this personality type to do so.Finally, they probably all had a similar income since they were willing to spend some hours working for a given amount of money. Ethical Issues *   Deception  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the participants actually believed they were shocking a real pers on, and were unaware the learner was a confederate of Milgram's *   Protection of participants  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Participants were exposed to extremely stressful situations that may have the potential to cause psychological harm. * However, Milgram did  debrief  the participants fully after the experiment and also followed up after a period of time to ensure that they came to no harm.

In the play Hamlet, Ophelia and Gerturde Essays

In the play Hamlet, Ophelia and Gerturde Essays In the play Hamlet, Ophelia and Gerturde Paper In the play Hamlet, Ophelia and Gerturde Paper Ophelia and Gertrude are the most prominent female characters in Hamlet and as a result they do seem quite susceptible and vulnerable in the patriarchal society of Denmark that the play is set in. Many of the ideas and suggestions presented in the play are put forward by the dominant male characters. Since both women seem to have a loving attachment to Hamlet, when it comes to suggestions for establishing the cause of Hamlets madness, they are often used by the men as bait to lure him in. This in itself could testify for the idea that both Gertrude and Ophelia are collectively victimised. This is demonstrated in the scene just before Hamlet talks to Ophelia about his real feelings for her. Claudius declares he and Polonius will act as lawful espials and they then may of their encounter frankly judge. Ophelia does not voice her opinion of their plans, although she is present for the entire discussion. Through this, she is shown to be passive with no strength to defy the orders of others. This could be due to a weak character or the fact that Ophelia is forced to conform to the ideals of the time and doesnt know any better. Through this repression, Ophelia is some what victimised as she feels and knows she must respect her elders wishes and obey her father. In one of the earlier scenes of the play, after Ophelia has been discussing her courtship with Hamlet to her brother Laertes, Ophelia attempts to express to her father these feelings that Hamlet has claimed to have for her. She says He hath of late made many tenders of his affection to me. To which Polonius replies Affection? Puh! You speak like a green girl. This makes the audience aware of Polonius attitude towards his daughter, he quickly dismisses all the claims she makes and by calling her a green girl he is emphasizing her young naivety. This attitude does not seem dissimilar to some held by other male characters, Laertes calls her chariest maid and there is definite emphasis on her innocence and purity throughout. Polonius effectively exploits her to the other characters by commanding Ophelia not to respond to or read her love letters from Hamlet and then publicly humiliating her by reading extracts out to members of the royal court. The aim of this is quite self centred, they are merely trying to account for reasons for Hamlets madness. Polonius shows a lack of respect or consideration for his daughters feelings, which doesnt help, what we could perhaps assume to be, her steadily deteriorating mental state. Ophelias character is effectively trapped by Hamlets decision to feign madness. His behaviours leave her distressed and confused and she is unwittingly victimised by him. He declares to her that I did love you once and in his next statement he says I never loved you. As a character with relatively little to say, the audience does not begin to understand Ophelias feelings towards Hamlet until she turns mad. These earlier statements not only seem to trigger the emotional turmoil that she suffers, but later on we are presented with a possibility that the statements were not true, and that Hamlet did love Ophelia. By this point it is too late and his only shown moments of love and affection towards her are when she is gone. Hamlet says I loved Ophelia; forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum. Thereby defying everything he has said to her before. In this situation, Ophelia has become the helpless victim, her lover murders her father and says he doesnt love her and she is left alone and helpless when he is sent away to England. Her madness however provokes some insight into Ophelias inner most feelings, the only time we really learn anything about her character. Behind the poetic words of her song seems to lie plausible meaning How should I your true love know and And I a maid at your window, to be your valentine seems to show for the first time some of her feelings of love and longing for Hamlet. Whereas He is dead and gone; At his head a grass- green turf, at his heels a stone. seems to be a blatant reference to her fathers recent death, the appearance of these two matters in her mad evoked sing-song seems to indicate further the importance of them to her and demonstrates that she has now become a victim of her own feelings. Her weak character allows her to succumb to her bout of emotions rather than allowing her to get along with her life, her death signifies her character being finally engulfed by this. In comparison to Ophelia, Gertrude is shown to be victimised in a quite different way. Although it never seems entirely clear if she was aware of the plot to kill her last husband, she has been effectively forced into a situation with little control over what is going on around her and where she must make the right connections or face learning to fend for herself. At King Hamlets death, Gertrude is the first living victim, as she is not linked by Royal Parentage she is almost forced to remarry quickly to her deceased husbands brother to maintain her position as Queen. She is not guiltless for this, she worries for her son constantly as his madness becomes apparent. However, she shows some ignorance as to all the plausible causes for his state saying it is no other but the main. His fathers death and our oer hasty marriage. It is not until later that some other possible reasons are explored, and through this explanation she, like Ophelia, is somewhat victimised. Gertrude only wants the best for Hamlet, yet here she is used in plans where she is not always aware of whats going on, and her efforts to get through to him are hapless as well as the subject of monitoring by the other royal courtiers. Gertrudes efforts to amend circumstances after King Hamlets death lead only to her son turning against her, Hamlet feigning his madness now feels he has the capability to have control over his mother much like the other male figures in the play. He quite openly insults and manipulates her feelings, for example in Act 3 Scene 4 he says The heyday in the blood it tame inflicting her with the idea that she is getting quickly older. Gertrude has no power to protect herself from her sons disposition and this is demonstrated by her weak replies to what he is saying to her O Hamlet, speak no more. Thou turnst my eyes into my very soul. It is clear that Hamlets behaviour towards her is highly distressing and it may follow that she is now becoming some what frightened of what he could do to her. Following his murder of Polonius, she is harrowed by what she has witnessed and seems to succumb to all ideas presented to her regarding him, even his being sent away to England. Despite her helplessness, Gertrude has attempted to gain some control over the political standing of Denmark when King Hamlet dies. To some degree she has remarried not only to keep her position (or perhaps to fulfil possible desires for Claudius) but in an attempt to keep her beloved country from falling into disarray under an entirely new monarchy. She is a weakened character but she is also devoted and concerned for the well being of others and of her nation. Gertrude, like Ophelia, is a victim of Hamlets madness, however she pulls through better and this may be contributed to her maturity or the arguable point that she doesnt suffer as much as the young Ophelia. In conclusion, Shakespeare has produced two somewhat vulnerable and slightly passive female characters. They are certainly both the subject of victimisation and this is predominantly caused by the oppression and grief they face from members of the opposite sex, particularly Hamlet. Their representation as weak minded reinforces the ideals of the time, that the men should be strong and go out and fight and the women must be passive and obedient at home. They are victims not only of their associates but of patriarchal society.

Hispanic Americans Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hispanic Americans Diversity - Essay Example "Passing" was the name of the game. In the words of Berkeley cultural psychologist George De Vos, we have all noticed now the "passing of passing" (De Vos 1992). Latinos today are players in social spaces where racial and ethnic category have high-stakes political and economic implications. The largest wave of immigration in U. S. history-the wave responsible for the current Latino-ization of the country took place subsequent to the great struggles of the civil rights movement. Cuban Latinos, especially mainland Puerto Ricans and immigrant Brazilians, have been depicted as paradigmatic examples of groups engaged in deep transnationalism, an analytic concept that is often used to refer to economic, political, and cultural strategies articulated by diasporic peoples across national spaces (Basch, Schiller, and Blanc 1995; Smith and Guarnizo 1998). Significant numbers of Puerto Ricans and Brazilians are said to lead dual lives engaging in double consciousness, cultivating dual loyalties, living serially between their islands and the mainland. Studies, suggest that Brazilians immigrants have developed political, economic, and cultural adaptations that involve high levels of transnationalism. They remit large sums of money to their homeland, they remain substantially engaged in political processes there, and they return periodically with their children to nourish social and cultural ties in their island home. Research on mainland Puerto Ricans suggests a slight ly different version of this general transnational dynamic. Although they are less likely than Brazilians to send dollars to the island, mainland Puerto Ricans remain socially, culturally, and at times politically involved in island affairs (Torre, Vecchini, and Burgo 1994). Whereas, Mexican immigration to the United States has over the last two decades undergone a profound transformation. Historically, U. S. immigration policies, market forces, and the social practices of Mexican immigrants did not encourage their long-term integration into American society (Surez-Orozco, C., and M. Surez-Orozco 2001). A sojourner pattern of largely male-initiated circular migration, characterized by efforts to earn dollars during a specific season, dominated the Mexican experience for decades into the 1980s (Durand 1998). After concluding their seasonal work, large numbers of Mexicans returned south of the border, eventually to resume the cycle the following year. In that context, Mexican immigrants engaged in dual lives, displaying the kinds of proto-transnational behaviors now more fully developed among Cuban Latinos. Like Puerto Ricans and Brazilians today, the Mexican immigrants of yesterday lived both "here" and "there." Today, Latinos are the largest ethnic group in the Catholic Church. In 1990 they constituted 35 percent of all U. S. Catholics, up from 28 percent in 1980. In Florida, Texas, and New Mexico, Latinos make up over two thirds of the Catholic population. In 1990 there were twelve archdioceses that had over 50 percent Latino membership and twenty-seven in which 25-50 percent of parishioners was Latino. Whereas the numbers of Euro American Catholics fall annually, the number of

Space Shuttle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Space Shuttle - Essay Example Nixon and vice president Spiro T. Agnew. They presented their objective after evaluating the previous studies related to shuttle science. First, to have a national space strategy and second, to build a space shuttle. The big question took place while the earliest development of space shuttle, the debate was about the optimal shuttle design with the purpose of best balanced capability, development cost and operating cost. Eventually the already existing design was selected, using a reusable winged orbiter, solid rocket boosters, and expendable external tank. The Shuttle program was officially commenced on January 5, 1972, just after the announcement that NASA would precede with the development of a reusable Space Shuttle system by President Nixon. The final design was less pricey to manufacture and less technically striving as compared to the earlier fully reusable designs. When the Apollo space program was about to finish, NASA officials were looking at the big picture of the American space program. They used one-shot, disposable rockets. All they wanted is a cost effective, reliable rocket and something which is reusable. This main idea of space shuttle being reusable was that it could launch like a real rocket but land like an airplane which would be considered as one of the greatest technical achievement. As soon as NASA began to study the ... President Nixon in 1972 announced that NASA would develop a reusable space shuttle or space transportation system (STS). Later it was decided that the shuttle would consist of an orbiter directly attached to the solid rocket boosters and also an external fuel tank. It was awarded the prime contract to Rockwell International. Then, spacecraft which were made used ablative heat shields that would burn away as the spacecraft re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. Where as, if the rocket is to be reusable it has to use the different strategy. So the designers and manufacturer of the space shuttle suggested an idea which was to use many insulating ceramic tiles to cover the space shuttle which could absorb the heat of re-entering without hurting the astronauts. As the shuttle was to fly like a plane (more like a glider), while landing. So a working orbiter was also built up for testing the aerodynamic design, but it won't go into the outer space. This orbiter was named the Enterprise afterwards it was known as the "Star Trek" starship. So this required test flights which Enterprise took care of the numerous test flights and landings, where it was launched from a Boeing 747 and glided to a landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. At last, after many years of constructing and testing of orbiters, main engines, external fuel tanks and solid rocket boosters, the shuttle was ready to fly. There were total four shuttles made - Columbia, Discovery, Atlantis and Challenger. The first flight was of Columbia Space Shuttle in 1981, piloted by astronauts John Young and Robert Crippen. It was the successful flight which Columbia performed and later other shuttles made several successful flights. But